Uyazazi izinto zokupakishwa nezindlela zokuhamba kanye nezinzuzo?
Umkhiqizo
Ukupakisha igama elijwayelekile leziqukathi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinto ezisizayo ezisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe zokuvikela imikhiqizo, ukwenza kube lula ukugcinwa nokuthutha, nokukhuthaza ukuthengiswa ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Imisebenzi esemqoka yokupakisha imi kanje:
2. thuthukisa ukusebenzaukusebenza kahle kwezimpahla ohlelweni lwezokuthutha Ukupakisha ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo emisebenzini yezokuthutha kuthinta ngokuqondile ukulayishwa nokwehliswa kwezimoto, ukutholwa nokulethwa kwezimpahla ezindaweni zokugcina impahla, kanye nezinga lokusetshenziswa kwevolumu lokuthuthela ezimotweni nasezindaweni zokugcina impahla.
1. Vimbela ukuthi impahla ingalimali ngesikhathi sokuthutha
Isibonelo: umonakalo odalwe indawo ebonakalayo njengokudlidliza, umthelela, ukubhoboza nokukhipha, kanye nokuwa nokuketulwa kwamashalofu, ukupakisha noma izindlela zokuthutha; umonakalo endaweni yemvelo efana nemisebe.
3. Ukudlulisa ulwazi
Imikhiqizo epakishiwe kufanele ibe nolwazi olufana nokuhlonza umkhiqizo, umkhiqizi, igama lomkhiqizo, inani langaphakathi, usuku kanye nekhodi yokuhlonza, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho wamukela, ukhetha futhi uqinisekisa i-waybill.
4. Khuthaza ukuthengisa
Idizayini yesimo, impahla, ukuphrinta kombala kanye nokuvulwa kwefasitela kokupakishwa kwangaphandle komkhiqizo kwenza ukupakishwa kube nomsebenzi wokuhlobisa, ukukhuthaza umkhiqizo kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa.
Ukufingqa, umsebenzi omkhulu wokupakisha uwukunikeza ukuvikeleka ngesikhathi sokuthutha umkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izindlela zokuhamba nezokuthutha?
Indlela yezokuthutha yezokuthutha iyindlela, indlela kanye nohlobo okuphothulwa ngalo ukuthuthwa kwabagibeli nezimpahla. Ngokusho kwezindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba, zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukene zifanele izimpahla ezahlukene. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zifaka ezokuthutha olwandle, ezokuthutha ngololiwe, ezokuthutha ngendiza, ezokuthutha emgwaqeni, ezokuthutha ngamapayipi, ezokuthutha zamabhokisi, nezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe eziningi.
1. Ezokuthutha emgwaqeni.
Indlela yokuthutha izimpahla nabagibeli emgwaqeni ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa izimoto, kodwa nokusebenzisa ezinye izimoto (njengabantu, izimoto ezidonswa yizilwane). Ezokuthutha emgwaqeni ikakhulukazi zithatha amabanga amafushane, ivolumu encane yokuthutha kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi, ukuhamba amabanga amade, umthamo omkhulu kanye nokuthutha amabanga amafushane lapho izinzuzo zokuthutha ngololiwe kanye namanzi kunzima ukufinyelela khona.
Njengamanje, inani lezimoto emhlabeni wonke selifinyelele ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400. Kunethiwekhi yesimanje yezokuthutha emhlabeni, imigqa yemigwaqo emikhulu ibiza u-2/3, cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-20, kanti umthamo wezimpahla oqedwe izinto zokuthutha uhlanganisa u-80% wesamba sesamba sempahla. Cishe u-10% wenzuzo yezimpahla. Kwamanye amazwe athuthukile ngokwezimboni, umthamo wezimpahla kanye nenani lempahla yezokuthutha emgwaqeni kuphakathi kwezinto ezihamba phambili ezindleleni zokuthutha ezihlukahlukene, futhi ezokuthutha emgwaqeni seziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu nebalulekile.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuthutha emgwaqeni ukuguquguquka okuqinile, isikhathi esifushane sokwakhiwa komgwaqo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane, kulula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo, izikhungo zesiteshi ezitholayo azizona izidingo eziphezulu.Izinto zokuhamba "zomnyango ngendlu" zingamukelwa, okungukuthi ukusuka emnyango womthumeli kuye emnyango womamukeli, ngaphandle kokudluliselwa noma ukuphatha okuphindaphindiwe. Izithuthi zomgwaqo nazo zingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuxhumana nezinye izindlela zokuthutha. I-radius yezomnotho yezokuthutha zomgwaqo imvamisa ingaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-200. Kodwa ukuthuthwa komgwaqo nakho kunemikhawulo ethile: umthwalo omncane, awufanele ukulayisha izinto ezinzima, ezinkulu, ezingafaneleki ukuthutha okude; Ukudlidliza kwemoto esebenzayo kukhulu, okulula ukubangela ingozi yokulimala kwezimpahla kanye nomehluko wezimpahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindleko zokuthutha ziphakeme kunezokuthutha emanzini kanye nomzila wesitimela.
2. Ezokuthutha ngesitimela.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezitimela zikaloliwe ukuthwala abagibeli nezimpahla. Ukuthutha ngojantshi ikakhulukazi kuthatha amabanga amade kanye nenani elikhulu lempahla, okuyindlela enkulu yokuthutha ekuthuthweni kwe-trunk. Uhlelo lwezokuthutha lukaloliwe luqukethe izinto eziningi, futhi ziyahambisana. Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezifanele, izitimela ngeke zihambe kahle. Ezindaweni lapho amanzi engatholakali khona, cishe zonke izinqwaba zithunyelwa ngojantshi.
Izinzuzo ijubane elisheshayo, elinganqunyelwe izimo zemvelo, umthamo omkhulu womthwalo, izindleko zokuthutha ziphansi. Ukungalungi okuyinhloko ukuguquguquka okungalungile, kungafinyelela kuphela ukuthutha emgqeni omisiwe, isidingo sokubambisana nezinye izindlela zokuhamba nokuxhuma. Ngokufika kwenkathi ye-inthanethi Yezinto, ezokuthutha ngololiwe ziye zavula amathuba amasha entuthuko. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi Yezinto kwezokuthutha zikaloliwe ezweni lethu kungaqoqa idatha yesitimela kanye nesimo semoto egijimayo, njengenombolo yesitimela, inombolo yemoto, isimo, indawo, ukuphi nesikhathi sokufika, futhi kulandelele ulwazi lwesitimela nemoto kanye izimpahla ngesikhathi sangempela. Ibanga elingokomnotho lezokuthutha ngololiwe ngokuvamile lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-200.
3. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi.
Ukuthuthwa kwe-Waterway kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha ekuthuthweni kwe-trunk, okubandakanya ikakhulukazi izinto zokuhamba eziningi kanye nebanga elide. Ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe nasogwini, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela encane yokuthutha ukugcwalisa nokuxhuma imisebenzi yokuthutha isiqu esikhulu. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo oluphelele lwezokuthutha e-China, ngemuva kweminyaka yentuthuko, izwe lethu seliphenduke amandla amanzi anethonya kunawo wonke emhlabeni, idatha ibonisa ukuthi ngo-2020 i-port cargo yaseChina yamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14.55, i-port container throughput engama-260 million teu, i-port cargo throughput kanye ne-container throughput ingeyokuqala emhlabeni.
Inzuzo enkulu yokuthutha emanzini yizindleko eziphansi, zingenza izindleko eziphansi, umthamo omkhulu, ukuthutha okude. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi nezinye izindlela zokuthutha ukuqhathanisa, izici zayo zihluke kakhulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi ukuthunyelwa kokuvikela imvelo. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kuzodlala indima enkulu ezinqubweni ezinkulu zokwenza izinqumo ezifana ne-carbon peaking kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Kodwa ezokuthutha zamanzi nazo zinezinkinga ezisobala, ikakhulukazi isivinini sokuthutha esihamba kancane, ngechweba, izinga lamanzi, inkathi, isimo sezulu, ukuze ukumiswa kwezokuthutha isikhathi eside onyakeni.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuthutha emanzini:
(1) Ezokuthutha zasogwini. Kuyindlela yokusebenzisa imikhumbi ukuthutha abagibeli nempahla emigwaqweni egudle ugu eduze nezwekazi. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa imikhumbi ephakathi nendawo nencane.
(2) Ezokuthutha zasogwini. Kuwuhlobo lwezokuthutha lapho imikhumbi isetshenziswa khona ukuthutha abagibeli nezimpahla ngokusebenzisa imizila yasolwandle yamazwe angomakhelwane ezwenikazi. Ngokuya ngobubanzi, imikhumbi ephakathi nendawo noma emincane ingasetshenziswa.
(3) Ezokuthutha olwandle. Ingabe ukusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi yonkana olwandle ifomu lokuthutha amabanga amade, ikakhulukazi encike umthamo wemikhumbi emikhulu.
(4) Ukuthutha emfuleni phakathi nezwe. Kuyindlela yokuthutha ngokusebenzisa imikhumbi emanzini emifuleni, emifuleni, emachibini nasemifuleni ngaphakathi kwezwe, ikakhulukazi esebenzisa imikhumbi ephakathi nendawo nencane.
4. Ezokuthutha ngendiza.
Uhlobo lokuthutha ngendiza noma enye indiza. Izindleko zeyunithi zokuthutha ngendiza ziphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimpahla ezifanele kakhulu ukuthwala. Enye impahla enenani eliphakeme namandla aqinile okuthwala impahla, njengezingxenye zemishini ebalulekile nemikhiqizo yezinga eliphezulu. Enye yizinto ezidingeka ngokushesha, njengezinsiza zokusiza ezinhlekeleleni nezinto zokutakula.
Inzuzo enkulu yokuthutha emoyeni ukuthi iyashesha futhi ayinqunyelwe indawo. Ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba ingathembela nasekuthuthweni ngendiza ezindaweni ezingakwazi ukufinyelelwa ngesitimela noma ngebhasi.
5. Ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlukene
Ukuthuthwa kwe-Multimodal ngamafuphi, kukhiqizwa futhi kuthuthukiswe ngesisekelo sokuthuthwa kwamabhokisi. Kubhekiselwa ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla okungenani ngezindlela ezimbili ezahlukene zokuthutha ngu-opharetha wezokuthutha ezisebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukusuka endaweni yokuthatha indawo ezweni elilodwa ukuya endaweni eqokiwe yokulethwa kwelinye izwe ngokuvumelana nenkontileka yezokuthutha enezindlela eziningi. Izokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe zilungele ezokuthutha zamanzi, umgwaqo, ujantshi kanye nezomoya. Kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba u-85% ~ 90% wezimpahla uqedwa olwandle, ezokuthutha zasolwandle zinesikhundla esiphezulu kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe.
Inqubo yezokuthutha ephothulwe ngokuhlanganyela ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuhamba izobizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi ezokuthutha ezihlanganisiwe, okuvame ukubizwa ngazo ngokuthi ezokuthutha eziningi ezweni lethu. Indiza esuka e-Shanghai iya e-JOHANNESBURG, eNingizimu Afrika, isibonelo, izohamba ngolwandle -- isuka e-Shanghai iye e-DURBAN bese ihamba ngezinyawo -- isuka eThekwini iye eGoli. Lokhu sekuvele kuyi-multimodal. Kodwa ezokuthutha ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi ngomqondo wohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, akufanele nje zibe nesisekelo esinjalo, kodwa futhi kufanele zibe "ne-multimodal bill of lading" -- okungukuthi, inkontileka "yezokuthutha eziningi".
Ngaphandle kwaleli qiniso, esivame ukukwenza ukuthola i-ocean bill of lading esikhundleni se-"multimodal bill of lading". Ngakho-ke, nakuba kukhona ukuthuthwa kwe-multimodal, ayihambisani nencazelo "yezokuthutha eziningi".
Izinzuzo yilezi:
1. Isibopho esihlanganisiwe nezinqubo ezilula;
2. Yonga izindleko futhi unciphise izindleko zokuhamba;
3. Yehlisa izixhumanisi eziphakathi, nciphisa isikhathi futhi uthuthukise ikhwalithi yezokuthutha;
4. Inhlangano yezokuthutha ethuthukisiwe kanye nezokuthutha ezinengqondo;
I-5, ingafinyelela ezokuthutha zendlu ngendlu;
Ngokwendlela yezokuthutha, ukukhethwa kweziqukathi zokupakisha izinto zokuhamba ngokuyinhloko kulandela lezi zimiso ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, idinga ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezihambisanayo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe; okwesibili, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi iziqukathi zokupakisha ezisetshenzisiwe akumele zidale ukulimala kwabantu ngabanye kanye nomphakathi, futhi zibe nesivikelo somzimba esanele semikhiqizo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokuthutha. Kufanele futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kuyo yonke inqubo yezokuthutha akukona ukuthunyelwa ngonya.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-16-2022
